Peptide research profile

SS-31

Also known as Elamipretide · MTP-131 · Bendavia

A mitochondria-targeting aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide developed clinically as elamipretide. Human trials provide direct safety and efficacy data, including a negative phase 3 primary-mitochondrial-myopathy result.

  • Longevity & mitochondria
Human trials2 referencesEducational use

Dosing literacy

Dosing & scaling, explained

The calculator records 1 mg daily and 5 mg twice-weekly rows. Clinical elamipretide programs used materially different exposure and formulations. This is educational source context—not a protocol or recommendation.

Scaling framework

How sourced amounts are organized

  1. Starting pointNot clinically established
    No validated titration window

    There is no regulator-approved starting dose for this research use. A low-looking number is not automatically safe.

  2. Recorded preset1 mg daily or 5 mg twice weekly
    Calculator library reference

    This is the range represented in the in-app protocol library. It describes the source record; it does not validate the regimen.

  3. Higher exposureNot validated against trial exposure
    Risk and uncertainty increase

    Higher exposure is not established as more effective. Human pharmacokinetic and long-term safety data may be absent.

“SS-31” research material and clinical elamipretide formulation should not be assumed bioequivalent.

Schedule literacy

Patterns described in source material

  • Daily or twice weekly in presets

    The cadence represented by the recorded calculator presets.

  • 40 mg daily SC in MMPOWER-3

    Published experiments may use a different route, formulation, timing, or population and should not be treated as interchangeable.

  • No universal schedule

    No single schedule has been validated across products or research contexts.

Clinical context
  • 40 mg · Daily subcutaneousMMPOWER-3 phase 3Overall primary endpoints negative

The phase 3 trial directly tested 40 mg/day for 24 weeks and did not meet either primary endpoint in the overall population.

Research best practices

Storage, handling and interpretation

Lyophilized material

Keep cold, dry, and protected from light according to the manufacturer certificate or validated lab SOP.

After reconstitution

Use sterile technique, refrigerate as validated, and avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles.

Traceability

Record lot, concentration, preparation date, and the identity/purity documentation used by the lab.

Research orientation

What researchers are exploring

These themes describe recurring questions in published research. They are not claims of effectiveness or recommendations for use.

  • 01

    Mitochondrial myopathy

    MMPOWER trials measure walking capacity, fatigue, symptoms, and safety.

  • 02

    Cardiolipin biology

    Preclinical work explores inner-membrane structure and electron-transport function.

  • 03

    Genotype response

    Post-hoc analyses examine whether nuclear-DNA subgroups differ from mtDNA groups.

  • 04

    Other mitochondrial disorders

    Programs have studied ophthalmic, cardiac, and rare-disease populations.

Evidence map

What the current evidence can support

Study models remain visible so laboratory and animal findings are not mistaken for established human outcomes.

  • Human

    Negative MMPOWER-3 primary endpoints

    In 218 participants, 40 mg/day did not significantly improve six-minute walk distance or fatigue overall.

  • Human

    Earlier dose-escalation trial

    A short phase 1/2 study evaluated IV doses and exercise outcomes.

  • Review

    Post-hoc subgroup caution

    Signals in genotype subgroups require prospective confirmation and do not overturn the overall result.

Recorded protocol library

Amounts recorded for SS-31

These amount records are independent from vial strength, reconstitution volume and measuring device. A recorded source is not the same as study backing, and these values are not recommendations.

  • 01

    Lower recorded

    1 mg

    Sign in for schedule, duration and source context.

  • 02

    Mid recorded

    2 mg

    Sign in for schedule, duration and source context.

  • 03

    Dose · upper endpoint

    5 mg

    Sign in for schedule, duration and source context.

Technical reference

Identity, limitations and unknowns

Molecular profile

Class
Mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide
Sequence
D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2
Amino acids
4
Approx. MW
639.8 Da
Origin / design
Designed to associate with the inner mitochondrial membrane/cardiolipin

Important limitations

  • The 40 mg/day trial dose and investigational formulation differ from small-vial presets.
  • Post-hoc responder analyses are hypothesis-generating.
  • A calculator preset is a recorded research convention, not a recommendation or evidence of clinical benefit.
  • Identity, purity, sterility, and stability can vary substantially outside regulated manufacturing.
  • Route, formulation, and population can make results from one study inapplicable to another use.

Curated sources

2 curated references

  1. Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial MyopathyNeurology · 2023 · Human
  2. Randomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathyNeurology · 2018 · Human

Related profiles